
Sujet de thèse :
Représenter la Métropolisation à l’aide des outils numériques
Un phénomène complexe
La métropolisation, comme la mondialisation est un phénomène qui impacte quotidiennement notre mode vie en que ce soit dans notre manière d’habiter, de travailler, de nous déplacer, ou de créer du lien social en ville. Par conséquent en tant qu’architecte et acteur du développement de la ville, il est crucial de réfléchir et de se positionner par rapport à ce processus d’urbanisation complexe.
La notion de métropolisation est abondamment évoquée dans plusieurs disciplines, avec des points de vue multiples, tantôt convergents, tantôt contradictoires. Historiens, écrivains, peintres, philosophes, architectes, sociologues, géographes, politiciens… Tous ont tenté de donner un fragment de définition, mais jusque là les divergences tant scientifiques qu’idéologiques démontrent notre incapacité à saisir le processus dans son ensemble. En effet, face au caractère évolutif et complexe de la ville, il est difficile de donner une définition stable, complète et universelle.
Il existe cependant quelques invariants. Dans un sens large, la métropolisation est un processus d’organisation des villes autour d’une métropole (ville mère). Il peut se mesurer quantitativement par des caractéristiques comme la taille des métropoles, leur population, les ramifications qu’elles créent avec les autres villes et la hiérarchie des fonctions qu’elles exercent, mais aussi qualitativement par les habitants des métropoles qui en sont les acteurs.
Evolutif dans le temps
Ce phénomène est aussi ancien que les premières villes érigées par l’Homme. La relation entre le centre et le pouvoir est apparue dans les villages les plus primitifs. Cependant, à travers l’histoire, l’évolution des fonctions métropolitaines technologiques, culturelles, sociales a connu une mutation de plus en plus rapide, nous imposant un temps d’adaptation de plus en plus court. Ces évolutions ont contribué à modifier les formes de métropolisation dans le temps. Des premières capitales culturelles, religieuses et militarisées des empires Mésopotamiens aux capitales financières tentaculaires et transfrontalières, les exemples sont nombreux.
Différent selon les cultures
Nous pouvons aussi constater que dans une même époque, la métropolisation peut prendre des formes très contrastées dans l’espace selon la culture, la géographie, l’histoire, les richesses. Nous pouvons trouver des invariants mais aussi beaucoup de différences entre des métropoles comme New York, Shanghai, Mexico, Dubaï, Genève….
Perceptible à différentes échelles
De plus, la métropolisation est à la fois un phénomène global, où les villes sont des acteurs d’un grand réseau d’alliances et de concurrence, mais aussi un phénomène qui se manifeste directement sur le local, dans l’espace physique dont nous sommes les acteurs quotidiens. Entre les deux échelles se situe une étape intermédiaire, qui est celle de la planification urbaine, des régulations politiques et de la gouvernance.
Nous pouvons remarquer que selon le temps, et l’espace ces manifestations peuvent prendre différentes formes et à des échelles multiples. Ainsi la métropolisation peut se manifester à Londres par la cristallisation de centres financiers, à Dubaï nous voyons apparaître des stations de ski dans le désert, à Casablanca les bidonvilles envahissent la ville, à Bordeaux les friches portuaires sont reconverties… Il existe une multitude de manifestations de la condition métropolitaine. C’est un champ d’action exceptionnel pour les concepteurs de la ville, car la métropolisation impose toujours de nouvelles situations.
Face à une telle complexité, nul ne pourrait prétendre pouvoir cerner la question de son unique point de vue. Il parait dangereux d’essayer de s’enfermer dans une vision figée de la ville sachant que de toute façon cette dernière sera amenée à évoluer.
Par conséquent, il apparaît plus prudent de prendre une attitude de questionnement permanent, à l’aide d’outils flexibles et adaptés au décryptage de cette complexité organique et variante. Il s’agirait de revisiter les outils de représentation de cette réalité vivante qu’est la métropolisation.
Comment évaluer le degré de complexité de la métropolisation ? Quel regard peut-on porter sur les outils traditionnels de représentation de la ville ? Comment exploiter les nouveaux outils pour améliorer le décryptage de cette complexité ? Peut-on développer de nouveaux outils plus adaptés à la représentation de la métropolisation afin de sensibiliser les acteurs des métropoles aux enjeux complexes auxquels ils sont confrontés quotidiennement ?
Les outils de représentation de la métropolisation
Aujourd’hui il existe de multiples manières de représenter la métropolisation. Plusieurs champs disciplinaires apportent leur contribution à ce savoir :
– Grâce aux historiens, nous pouvons déployer des fresques chronologiques (timelines) afin de saisir le caractère temporel de la métropolisation
– Les géographes, nous apportent la cartographie, un outil antique et toujours aussi précieux pour planifier l’espace. Souvent décrié pour son coté totalitaire, cet outil demeure fragile lorsqu’il n’est pas articulé et relié par plusieurs échelles de représentation.
– Les statisticiens, économistes et mathématiciens nous apportent le diagramme. Il est pertinent pour mesurer les aspects quantitatifs du phénomène, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d’étudier les flux.
– Les dessinateurs, photographes et cinéastes utilisent l’image, un puissant outil de communication de l’espace permettant tantôt d’être précis et concret, tantôt plus évocateur et poétique.
– L’ensemble des autres disciplines utilisent un outil que nous manipulons tous : le langage. Les mots de la même manière qu’une image ou que des chiffres permettent de dire des choses à la fois quantitatives mais aussi qualitatives. La ville ne peut être étudiée sans la description de ses espaces et des pratiques de ses habitants.
Nous pouvons remarquer qu’il existe une complémentarité entre tous ces outils. Mais pour mieux comprendre leur interdépendance dans la ville, il serait intéressant de les mettre en parallèle et de les utiliser simultanément.
Hypothèses pour la création d’un outil de représentation interactif
L’outil informatique permet la synchronisation de différents médias dans une même expérience. C’est un système de pensée qui consiste à raisonner en arborescence et de manière interactive. Ainsi, l’utilisateur peut « naviguer » dans le système ouvert qui lui est proposé.
En s’inspirant de ce mode de fonctionnement, très similaire à celui de l’architecte lorsqu’il conçoit un projet, il est possible d’envisager la création d’un outil pédagogique interactif, qui permettrait sur un même panneau de contrôle et de visualiser parallèlement le temps, l’espace, les images, l’échelle et les chiffres, tout en permettant à l’utilisateur de cliquer sur ces médias et afin de s’initier à travers une expérience pédagogique à la complexité du phénomène de métropolisation.
Dans une perspective de transparence et de démocratie participative, cet outil pourrait être utilisé par la ville pour communiquer sur les choix stratégiques pris par les décideurs face aux enjeux de la métropolisation et les mutations que cela engendre.
Méthodologie :
L’objectif de ce travail n’ambitionne pas de cerner le phénomène ou de le définir de manière objective, mais de proposer une méthodologie d’analyse de la métropolisation visant à développer un nouvel outil représentation interactif et évolutif.
Cette méthodologie subjective qui se construit « en marchant », tout au long de l’exercice d’analyse permettra de dégager une « vision » de la métropolisation » dont le contenu en gestation sera amené à évoluer dans le temps, en fonction de sa confrontation aux différentes théories établies et à la réalité du terrain.
Pour ce j’ai choisi les agglomérations de Bordeaux et de Casablanca comme terrains privilégiés pour analyser le phénomène de métropolisation. Deux villes jumelées explorées en miroir, au développement contrasté, mais où les situations de projets interrogent communément les mécanismes de la métropolisation.
Cette méthodologie se structure en 4 étapes indépendantes et complémentaires:
1. Un recensement des caractéristiques de la métropolisation, puis leur remise en question au regard des différents niveaux de lecture du phénomène, en se basant sur des écrits et des études cas étudiées et publiées.
2. Ensuite, l’étude des outils de représentation de la métropolisation, afin de dégager leurs caractéristiques et leurs limites.
3. La mise en place d’une grille de représentation des transformations spatiales provoquées par la métropolisation, à partir des constats établis, aboutissant à la conception d’un nouvel outil interactif
4. La mise au point sous forme d’une maquette numérique de l’outil de représentation de la métropolisation.
Afin de vérifier la valeur opérationnelle de cet outil, son expérimentation à travers des études de cas réelles, j’ai choisi de l’expérimenter sur les métropoles Bordeaux et Casablanca.
Cette structure permettra d’établir un chantier évolutif dont le contenu pourrait être amené à subir des adaptations et des ajustements en fonction des résultats de la réflexion engagée tout au long de ce travail qui se caractérise par des interactions entre ses différentes parties avec une exigence constante de vérification des hypothèses retenues et une remise en question de la pertinence des éléments qui en découlent..
Cette démarche subjective s’inscrit dans la durée et pourrait être une manière de conjuguer la recherche et la pratique en les mettant étroitement l’une au profit de l’autre au fil des années, permettant d’arriver à chaque nouvelle évolution à des résultats nouveaux.
Une liste de références bibliographiques :
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