{"id":1518,"date":"2012-10-21T21:01:43","date_gmt":"2012-10-21T21:01:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/omarlakhdar.com\/?page_id=1518"},"modified":"2026-06-04T02:27:09","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T00:27:09","slug":"recherche","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/?page_id=1518","title":{"rendered":"Recherche"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"projet_011_casablanca_300\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Sujet de th\u00e8se : <\/strong><\/p>\n

Repr\u00e9senter la M\u00e9tropolisation \u00e0 l’aide des outils num\u00e9riques<\/strong><\/p>\n

Un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne complexe<\/strong><\/p>\n

La m\u00e9tropolisation, comme la mondialisation est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui impacte quotidiennement notre mode vie en que ce soit dans notre mani\u00e8re d’habiter, de travailler, de nous d\u00e9placer, ou de cr\u00e9er du lien social en ville. Par cons\u00e9quent en tant qu’architecte et acteur du d\u00e9veloppement de la ville, il est crucial de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir et de se positionner par rapport \u00e0 ce processus d’urbanisation complexe.<\/p>\n

La notion de m\u00e9tropolisation est abondamment \u00e9voqu\u00e9e dans plusieurs disciplines, avec des points de vue multiples, tant\u00f4t convergents, tant\u00f4t contradictoires. Historiens, \u00e9crivains, peintres, philosophes, architectes, sociologues, g\u00e9ographes, politiciens… Tous ont tent\u00e9 de donner un fragment de d\u00e9finition, mais jusque l\u00e0 les divergences tant scientifiques qu’id\u00e9ologiques d\u00e9montrent notre incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 saisir le processus dans son ensemble. En effet, face au caract\u00e8re \u00e9volutif et complexe de la ville, il est difficile de donner une d\u00e9finition stable, compl\u00e8te et universelle.<\/p>\n

Il existe cependant quelques invariants. Dans un sens large, la m\u00e9tropolisation est un processus d’organisation des villes autour d’une m\u00e9tropole (ville m\u00e8re). Il peut se mesurer quantitativement par des caract\u00e9ristiques comme la taille des m\u00e9tropoles, leur population, les ramifications qu’elles cr\u00e9ent avec les autres villes et la hi\u00e9rarchie des fonctions qu’elles exercent, mais aussi qualitativement par les habitants des m\u00e9tropoles qui en sont les acteurs.<\/p>\n

Evolutif dans le temps<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est aussi ancien que les premi\u00e8res villes \u00e9rig\u00e9es par l’Homme. La relation entre le centre et le pouvoir est apparue dans les villages les plus primitifs. Cependant, \u00e0 travers l’histoire, l’\u00e9volution des fonctions m\u00e9tropolitaines technologiques, culturelles, sociales a connu une mutation de plus en plus rapide, nous imposant un temps d’adaptation de plus en plus court. Ces \u00e9volutions ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 modifier les formes de m\u00e9tropolisation dans le temps. Des premi\u00e8res capitales culturelles, religieuses et militaris\u00e9es des empires M\u00e9sopotamiens aux capitales financi\u00e8res tentaculaires et transfrontali\u00e8res, les exemples sont nombreux.<\/p>\n

Diff\u00e9rent selon les cultures<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nous pouvons aussi constater que dans une m\u00eame \u00e9poque, la m\u00e9tropolisation peut prendre des formes tr\u00e8s contrast\u00e9es dans l’espace selon la culture, la g\u00e9ographie, l’histoire, les richesses. Nous pouvons trouver des invariants mais aussi beaucoup de diff\u00e9rences entre des m\u00e9tropoles comme New York, Shanghai, Mexico, Duba\u00ef, Gen\u00e8ve….<\/p>\n

Perceptible \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles<\/strong><\/p>\n

De plus, la m\u00e9tropolisation est \u00e0 la fois un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne global, o\u00f9 les villes sont des acteurs d’un grand r\u00e9seau d’alliances et de concurrence, mais aussi un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui se manifeste directement sur le local, dans l’espace physique dont nous sommes les acteurs quotidiens. Entre les deux \u00e9chelles se situe une \u00e9tape interm\u00e9diaire, qui est celle de la planification urbaine, des r\u00e9gulations politiques et de la gouvernance.<\/p>\n

Nous pouvons remarquer que selon le temps, et l’espace ces manifestations peuvent prendre diff\u00e9rentes formes et \u00e0 des \u00e9chelles multiples. Ainsi la m\u00e9tropolisation peut se manifester \u00e0 Londres par la cristallisation de centres financiers, \u00e0 Duba\u00ef nous voyons appara\u00eetre des stations de ski dans le d\u00e9sert, \u00e0 Casablanca les bidonvilles envahissent la ville, \u00e0 Bordeaux les friches portuaires sont reconverties… Il existe une multitude de manifestations de la condition m\u00e9tropolitaine. C’est un champ d’action exceptionnel pour les concepteurs de la ville, car la m\u00e9tropolisation impose toujours de nouvelles situations.<\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 une telle complexit\u00e9, nul ne pourrait pr\u00e9tendre pouvoir cerner la question de son unique point de vue. Il parait dangereux d’essayer de s’enfermer dans une vision fig\u00e9e de la ville sachant que de toute fa\u00e7on cette derni\u00e8re sera amen\u00e9e \u00e0 \u00e9voluer.<\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, il appara\u00eet plus prudent de prendre une attitude de questionnement permanent, \u00e0 l’aide d’outils flexibles et adapt\u00e9s au d\u00e9cryptage de cette complexit\u00e9 organique et variante. Il s’agirait de revisiter les outils de repr\u00e9sentation de cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9 vivante qu’est la m\u00e9tropolisation.<\/p>\n

Comment \u00e9valuer le degr\u00e9 de complexit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9tropolisation\u00a0? Quel regard peut-on porter sur les outils traditionnels de repr\u00e9sentation de la ville ? Comment exploiter les nouveaux outils pour am\u00e9liorer le d\u00e9cryptage de cette complexit\u00e9 ? Peut-on d\u00e9velopper de nouveaux outils plus adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la repr\u00e9sentation de la m\u00e9tropolisation afin de sensibiliser les acteurs des m\u00e9tropoles aux enjeux complexes auxquels ils sont confront\u00e9s quotidiennement\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Les outils de repr\u00e9sentation de la m\u00e9tropolisation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aujourd’hui il existe de multiples mani\u00e8res de repr\u00e9senter la m\u00e9tropolisation. Plusieurs champs disciplinaires apportent leur contribution \u00e0 ce savoir\u00a0:<\/p>\n

– Gr\u00e2ce aux historiens, nous pouvons d\u00e9ployer des fresques chronologiques (timelines) afin de saisir le caract\u00e8re temporel de la m\u00e9tropolisation<\/p>\n

– Les g\u00e9ographes, nous apportent la cartographie, un outil antique et toujours aussi pr\u00e9cieux pour planifier l’espace. Souvent d\u00e9cri\u00e9 pour son cot\u00e9 totalitaire, cet outil demeure fragile lorsqu’il n’est pas articul\u00e9 et reli\u00e9 par plusieurs \u00e9chelles de repr\u00e9sentation.<\/p>\n

– Les statisticiens, \u00e9conomistes et math\u00e9maticiens nous apportent le diagramme. Il est pertinent pour mesurer les aspects quantitatifs du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d’\u00e9tudier les flux.<\/p>\n

– Les dessinateurs, photographes et cin\u00e9astes utilisent l’image, un puissant outil de communication de l’espace permettant tant\u00f4t d’\u00eatre pr\u00e9cis et concret, tant\u00f4t plus \u00e9vocateur et po\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n

– L’ensemble des autres disciplines utilisent un outil que nous manipulons tous : le langage. Les mots de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re qu’une image ou que des chiffres permettent de dire des choses \u00e0 la fois quantitatives mais aussi qualitatives. La ville ne peut \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9e sans la description de ses espaces et des pratiques de ses habitants.<\/p>\n

Nous pouvons remarquer qu’il existe une compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 entre tous ces outils. Mais pour mieux comprendre leur interd\u00e9pendance dans la ville, il serait int\u00e9ressant de les mettre en parall\u00e8le et de les utiliser simultan\u00e9ment.<\/p>\n

Hypoth\u00e8ses pour la cr\u00e9ation d’un outil de repr\u00e9sentation interactif<\/strong><\/p>\n

L’outil informatique permet la synchronisation de diff\u00e9rents m\u00e9dias dans une m\u00eame exp\u00e9rience. C\u2019est un syst\u00e8me de pens\u00e9e qui consiste \u00e0 raisonner en arborescence et de mani\u00e8re interactive. Ainsi, l’utilisateur peut \u00ab\u00a0naviguer\u00a0\u00bb dans le syst\u00e8me ouvert qui lui est propos\u00e9.<\/p>\n

En s’inspirant de ce mode de fonctionnement, tr\u00e8s similaire \u00e0 celui de l’architecte lorsqu’il con\u00e7oit un projet, il est possible d’envisager la cr\u00e9ation d’un outil p\u00e9dagogique interactif, qui permettrait sur un m\u00eame panneau de contr\u00f4le et de visualiser parall\u00e8lement le temps, l’espace, les images, l’\u00e9chelle et les chiffres, tout en permettant \u00e0 l’utilisateur de cliquer sur ces m\u00e9dias et afin de s\u2019initier \u00e0 travers une exp\u00e9rience p\u00e9dagogique \u00e0 la complexit\u00e9 du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de m\u00e9tropolisation.<\/p>\n

Dans une perspective de transparence et de d\u00e9mocratie participative, cet outil pourrait \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 par la ville pour communiquer sur les choix strat\u00e9giques pris par les d\u00e9cideurs face aux enjeux de la m\u00e9tropolisation et les mutations que cela engendre.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9thodologie :<\/strong><\/p>\n

L’objectif de ce travail n’ambitionne pas de cerner le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne ou de le d\u00e9finir de mani\u00e8re objective, mais de proposer une m\u00e9thodologie d’analyse de la m\u00e9tropolisation visant \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un nouvel outil repr\u00e9sentation interactif et \u00e9volutif.<\/p>\n

Cette m\u00e9thodologie subjective qui se construit \u00ab\u00a0en marchant\u00a0\u00bb, tout au long de l’exercice d’analyse permettra de d\u00e9gager une \u00ab\u00a0vision\u00a0\u00bb de la m\u00e9tropolisation\u00a0\u00bb dont le contenu en gestation sera amen\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9voluer dans le temps, en fonction de sa confrontation aux diff\u00e9rentes th\u00e9ories \u00e9tablies et \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du terrain.<\/p>\n

Pour ce j’ai choisi les agglom\u00e9rations de Bordeaux et de Casablanca comme terrains privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s pour analyser le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de m\u00e9tropolisation. Deux villes jumel\u00e9es explor\u00e9es en miroir, au d\u00e9veloppement contrast\u00e9, mais o\u00f9 les situations de projets interrogent commun\u00e9ment les m\u00e9canismes de la m\u00e9tropolisation.<\/p>\n

Cette m\u00e9thodologie se structure en 4 \u00e9tapes ind\u00e9pendantes et compl\u00e9mentaires:<\/p>\n

1. Un recensement des caract\u00e9ristiques de la m\u00e9tropolisation, puis leur remise en question au regard des diff\u00e9rents niveaux de lecture du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, en se basant sur des \u00e9crits et des \u00e9tudes cas \u00e9tudi\u00e9es et publi\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

2. Ensuite, l\u2019\u00e9tude des outils de repr\u00e9sentation de la m\u00e9tropolisation, afin de d\u00e9gager leurs caract\u00e9ristiques et leurs limites.<\/p>\n

3. La mise en place d\u2019une grille de repr\u00e9sentation des transformations spatiales provoqu\u00e9es par la m\u00e9tropolisation, \u00e0 partir des constats \u00e9tablis, aboutissant \u00e0 la conception d\u2019un nouvel outil interactif<\/p>\n

4. La mise au point sous forme d\u2019une maquette num\u00e9rique de l\u2019outil de repr\u00e9sentation de la m\u00e9tropolisation.<\/p>\n

Afin de v\u00e9rifier la valeur op\u00e9rationnelle de cet outil, son exp\u00e9rimentation \u00e0 travers des \u00e9tudes de cas r\u00e9elles, j\u2019ai choisi de l\u2019exp\u00e9rimenter sur les m\u00e9tropoles Bordeaux et Casablanca.<\/p>\n

Cette structure permettra d’\u00e9tablir un chantier \u00e9volutif dont le contenu pourrait \u00eatre amen\u00e9 \u00e0 subir des adaptations et des ajustements en fonction des r\u00e9sultats de la r\u00e9flexion engag\u00e9e tout au long de ce travail qui se caract\u00e9rise par des interactions entre ses diff\u00e9rentes parties avec une exigence constante de v\u00e9rification des hypoth\u00e8ses retenues et une remise en question de la pertinence des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui en d\u00e9coulent..<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9marche subjective s’inscrit dans la dur\u00e9e et pourrait \u00eatre une mani\u00e8re de conjuguer la recherche et la pratique en les mettant \u00e9troitement l’une au profit de l’autre au fil des ann\u00e9es, permettant d’arriver \u00e0 chaque nouvelle \u00e9volution \u00e0 des r\u00e9sultats nouveaux.<\/p>\n

Une\u00a0liste de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\t\t1160133<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n <\/span>\n\t\t1<\/span>\n\t\tapa<\/span>\n\t\t50<\/span>\n\t\tdefault<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n <\/span>\n 1518<\/span>\n\t\thttps:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t
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Sujet de th\u00e8se : Repr\u00e9senter la M\u00e9tropolisation \u00e0 l’aide des outils num\u00e9riques Un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne complexe La m\u00e9tropolisation, comme la mondialisation est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne qui impacte quotidiennement notre mode vie en que ce soit dans notre mani\u00e8re d’habiter, de travailler, de nous d\u00e9placer, ou de cr\u00e9er du lien social en ville. Par cons\u00e9quent en tant qu’architecte...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1518","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P2Mmvd-ou","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1518"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2742,"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1518\/revisions\/2742"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omarlakhdar.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}